박문재 Munjae Park

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.179 Vol.39(No.3) 179-181, 2026

김도현 Dohyun Kim , 박문재 Munjae Park

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.183 Vol.39(No.3) 183-195, 2026

Understanding how rocks deform to form structures such as faults and folds requires investigation of the microstructures of constituent minerals. Analytical methods based on scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction are particularly useful for identifying mineral deformation mechanisms, and their results can be organized in the form of visually distinguishable datasets and images. Using these methods, deformation mechanisms of major crustal minerals such as quartz and major mantle minerals such as olivine have been studied relatively extensively. In contrast, phyllosilicate minerals such as serpentine and chlorite, although geophysically important in the upper mantle and subduction zone environments, remain much less well understood in terms of their deformation mechanisms and microstructures. This paper briefly introduces microstructural analytical methods commonly applied to olivine, and then reviews previously proposed deformation mechanisms and lattice preferred orientation development in phyllosilicate minerals. It also discusses how these perspectives may be linked and how future applications of high-resolution, high-magnification electron backscatter diffraction analyses may contribute to a better understanding of phyllosilicate microstructures.

미세구조, 층상규산염, 전자후방산란회절, 격자선호방향, microstructure, phyllosilicate, electron backscatter diffraction, lattice preferred orientation

김대영 Daeyeong Kim , 이재석 Jaeseok Lee , 김봄이 Bomi Kim , 김기태 Kitae Kim

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.197 Vol.39(No.3) 197-205, 2026

Polar ice sheets and glaciers are large deforming bodies that record long-term variations in the Earth's climate system and contribute directly and indirectly to sea-level change. Ice in natural glaciers and ice sheets deforms slowly under low-temperature and low-differential-stress conditions, but such natural conditions are difficult to reproduce directly in the laboratory. Ice rheology studies therefore use deformation experiments on synthetic polycrystalline ice under controlled temperature, differential stress, and strain-rate conditions, and extrapolate the results to natural conditions to understand the long-term deformation behavior of polar ice. Synthetic polycrystalline ice is well suited as a laboratory reference material because the purity of water, grain size, air-bubble content, porosity, and initial crystallographic preferred orientation can all be relatively well controlled. In this paper, we review the fabrication principles, representative preparation procedures, initial microstructural characterization methods, and potential applications of synthetic polycrystalline ice for rheological studies of polar ice. In particular, we explain the differences between standard ice synthesis and hot-pressing methods, and discuss why characterization of the density, grain size, bubble content, crystallographic preferred orientation, and microstructure of synthetic ice is important for interpreting deformation experiment results. Fabrication of synthetic polycrystalline ice is not merely a sample preparation step, but a critical methodology for quantitatively understanding the long-term deformation behavior of natural ice under laboratory conditions.

합성 다결정 얼음, 얼음 유동학, 변형실험, 미구조, 결정선호방향, 극지 얼음, synthetic polycrystalline ice, ice rheology, deformation experiment, microstructure, crystallographic preferred orientation, polar ice

한석영 Seokyoung Han , 정해명 Haemyeong Jung

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.207 Vol.39(No.3) 207-218, 2026

Garnet is a crucial metamorphic mineral that records processes of the crust and mantle evolution. However, its optical isotropy has limited the recognition of internal microstructures and lattice distortion. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the deformation mechanisms of garnet revealed by high-resolution microanalysis techniques, including electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. We explore microstructural case studies ranging from high-temperature and high-pressure subduction and collision zone environments to fluid-rich contact metamorphic environments. The discussed mechanisms encompass plastic deformation (e.g., dislocation creep, dissolution-precipitation creep), brittle deformation (e.g., seismic fracturing), and interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation. Cross-validating high-resolution microstructural analyses of garnet with precise chemical composition analyses and syn-kinematic mineral geothermometry can identify these complex deformation mechanisms, thereby providing crucial clues for understanding major tectonic evolution processes such as deep crustal seismicity and fluid-rock interactions.

석류석, 미세구조, 전자후방산란회절, 취성변형, 소성변형, Garnet, Microstructure, Electron backscatter diffraction, Brittle deformation, Plastic deformation

정세진 Sejin Jung , 박용 Yong Park , 최승순 Seungsoon Choi , 한석영 Seokyoung Han , 정해명 Haemyeong Jung

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.219 Vol.39(No.3) 219-230, 2026

Dislocation creep, one of the major ductile deformation mechanisms operating in the lower crust and upper mantle, plays an important role in controlling the structure and physical properties of the deep Earth, as well as in the development of lattice preferred orientation of minerals. Therefore, direct observation of dislocation microstructures provides important insights into the deformation history, deformation environment, and deformation mechanisms of rocks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most powerful tools for investigating dislocation microstructures in minerals. Various diffraction and spectroscopic techniques in TEM allow high-spatial-resolution analyses of the geometrical and crystallographic characteristics of dislocations, together with local chemical composition. In this paper, we introduce the principles of TEM-based observation of dislocation microstructures and summarize methods for TEM sample preparation. We also review previous studies investigating dislocation slip systems and deformation mechanisms in minerals using TEM. Furthermore, recent advances and potential applications of TEM-based dislocation studies in geology are discussed, with emphasis on their significance for interpreting the deformation history of naturally deformed rocks and deformation environments of the deep Earth.

전위, 전위 크리프, 투과전자현미경, 전위 슬립계, 변형 메커니즘, dislocation, dislocation creep, transmission electron microscopy, dislocation slip system, deformation mechanism

박용 Yong Park

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.231 Vol.39(No.3) 231-249, 2026

Rock deformation experiments are conducted to understand the rheological behavior and deformation mechanisms of rocks and minerals under laboratory conditions that simulate the pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions of the Earth's interior. These experiments provide insights into the behavior of constituent minerals over a wide range of depths within the solid Earth, from near-surface environments through the crust and uppermost mantle to the core-mantle boundary. To accurately interpret the results of deformation experiments of rocks and minerals and to properly apply them to geological, geophysical, and geochemical studies, it is important to understand the fundamental components of rock deformation apparatuses and to select an appropriate experimental facility for the research objectives. In this paper, the fundamental principles of pressure and temperature control and measurement in rock deformation apparatuses are briefly introduced for reproducing thermodynamic conditions of the Earth's interior. This paper also introduces the concepts underlying the deformation of samples and its control during experiments. Additionally, recent advances in studies of the evolution of deformation microstructures and deformation mechanisms of rocks and minerals under a wide range of P-T conditions in the Earth's interior are reviewed on the basis of experiments conducted using various types of rock deformation apparatuses developed to date.

암석변형실험, 고압 고온 암석변형실험기기, 변형 메커니즘, 유변학적 거동, 변형 미세구조, Rock deformation experiment, High-pressure and high-temperature deformation apparatus, Deformation mechanism, Rheological behavior, Deformation microstructure

정해명 Haemyeong Jung , 김준하 Junha Kim , 정세진 Sejin Jung , 한석영 Seokyoung Han , 하윤해 Yoonhae Ha , 심세나 Sena Sim , 하성민 Seongmin Ha

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.251 Vol.39(No.3) 251-263, 2026

Amphibole is one of the major minerals existing in the middle and lower continental crust and subduction zones, and it is elastically highly anisotropic. When amphibole is deformed within various rocks (amphibolite, retrograded eclogite, and amphibole peridotite), amphibole aligns to develop a lattice preferred orientation (LPO). The LPO of amphibole is known to be significantly influenced by temperature, stress, and shear strain. This paper reviews previous studies on how temperature, stress, and shear strain affect the formation of amphibole LPO, summarizes the LPO patterns observed in natural rocks, and discusses the seismic anisotropies resulting from the amphibole LPOs.

각섬석, 각섬암, 지각, 격자선호방향, 지진파 비등방성, 암석변형, amphibole, amphibolite, crust, lattice preferred orientation, seismic anisotropy, rock deformation

천영범 Youngbeom Cheon , 김재훈 Jae Hoon K Im , 김태형 Taehyung Kim , 김창민 Chang-min Kim , 이하경 Hakyung Lee , 최정헌 Jeong-heon Choi , 원효정 Hyo-jeong Weon

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.265 Vol.39(No.3) 265-276, 2026

A fault transecting the Precambrian metamorphic rocks and the overlying unconsolidated sediments was newly observed at the Geumam site, Gyuam-myeon, Buyeo, central Korea. In the basement, the fault is developed as a single slip zone with an attitude of N13ºE/45ºNW. Upon reaching the near-surface, however, the fault branches into multiple splays, progressively flattens, and some splays terminate within the sedimentary sequence. To characterize the slip behavior of the fault, microstructural analyses were conducted on (1) the slip zone within the basement and (2) the slip zone within the unconsolidated sediments. The basement slip zone can be subdivided into upper and lower zones. The upper slip zone consists of cataclastic fault materials derived from the host rock and exhibits S-C-C′ fabrics indicative of reverse shear. In contrast, the lower slip zone is characterized by fragmented basement materials and abundant brownish illuvial clay arranged parallel to the slip direction and repeatedly developed as thin layers. The illuvial clay is interpreted as a product of eluviation-illuviation processes that filled pores or transiently open spaces by near-surface fluid flow. Compared with the surrounding fault materials, it is finer-grained and shows well-developed gently undulating lamination. The occurrence of illuvial clay suggests that the lower slip zone was reactivated near the surface after the formation of the upper slip zone, producing openings that were subsequently filled by clay infiltration. The slip zone extending into the unconsolidated sediments is characterized by a relatively wavy geometry and a narrow thickness (<0.5 cm) filled mainly with illuvial clay. Finite luminescence ages for constraining the paleoearthquake rupture were not obtained from the displaced sediments, because the luminescence signals of these sediments were all observed to be at or over dose-saturation level. However, the outcrop-scale geometry and microstructural evidence indicate that the deformation was produced by mechanisms consistent with those recognized in other Quaternary paleoseismic surface ruptures in the Korean Peninsula. This study provides structural evidence for shallow earthquake surface rupture in the Buyeo area and contributes to understanding the processes of fault reactivation and earthquake rupture propagation in Korea.

금암지점, 지진지표파열, 분기, 미끌림대, 집적점토, 재활성, Geumam site, surface-rupturing fault, branching, slip zone, illuvial clay, reactivation

최승순 Seungsoon Choi , 천영범 Youngbeom Cheon , 정세진 Sejin Jung , 박문재 Munjae Park

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.277 Vol.39(No.3) 277-289, 2026

This study investigates localized deformation characteristics of a calcite vein adjacent to the principal slip zone in the DB01-32.2 m drill core from the Byeokgye section of the northern Yangsan Fault, Republic of Korea, using backscattered electron imaging, electron backscatter diffraction analysis, and differential stress estimation based on calcite twin density. ROI-1A, located adjacent to the principal slip zone (PSZ), is characterized by densely developed deformation twins, micro-fragmentation, and strong intracrystalline lattice distortion, yielding a high differential stress of 162±43 MPa. In contrast, ROI-1B, located several hundred micrometers to approximately 1 mm away from the PSZ, shows relatively lower twin densities and differential stress values, indicating that deformation was localized within a narrow zone adjacent to the PSZ. ROI-2, located more than∼1 cm away from the PSZ, generally records weak deformation features, although localized deformation twins associated with micro-fragmentation are locally observed in limited domains. In contrast, some fragmented domains preserve only fragmentation textures without open cracks, suggesting that local densification or cementation processes occurred after fault slip. These observations indicate that subsequent shear deformation developed heterogeneous deformation patterns even within a single calcite vein, with deformation concentrated within a very narrow zone adjacent to the PSZ. The results suggest that calcite deformation twins and associated microstructures can serve as useful indicators for tracing localized deformation concentration and repeated fault slip within fault cores.

양산단층, 방해석맥, 변형쌍정, EBSD, 국부 변형, 차등응력, Yangsan Fault, calcite vein, deformation twin, localized deformation, differential stress

임혜원 Hyewon Lim , 한종원 Jong-won Han , 배재현 Jae-hyun Bae , 정지연 Ji-yeon Jeong , 손문 Moon Son

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.291 Vol.39(No.3) 291-305, 2026

The Sindong Group, the lowermost part of the Gyeongsang basin fills, records the early extension process of the basin, which is therefore essential for understanding its formation mechanism and initial structural development. This study aims to interpret the structural development during the early stages of basin evolution, by performing dip analysis of the Sindong Group, geological route mapping across the basin boundary, fault analysis, and paleostress reconstruction in the area from Seongju to Gumi cities, Gyeongsangbuk-do, where the western boundary of the Gyeongsang Basin changes from north-northeast to north-northwest across the Palgongsan Fault. Along the western boundary of the basin, the Nakdong Formation deposited within a graben between conjugate normal faults formed under WNW-ESE-trending minimum stress field is observed. NNE to NE-striking syndepositional normal faults and magmatic dikes in a similar direction are also identified. As a result of the dip analysis, it is revealed that syndepositional eastward block tilting occurred in both the Uiseong and Miryang subbasins, which are located in the north and south of the Palgongsan Fault, respectively. However, the dip angles and their upward decreasing degree of the basin fills in the Miryang Subbasin are larger compared to those of the Uiseong Subbasin and their dip directions also show distinct differences to the southeast and east, respectively. These results suggest that the two subbasins experienced differential subsidence. The differences in bedding attitudes between the two subbasins are distinct across the Palgongsan Fault, suggesting that the fault may have controlled the geometry and evolution of the Gyeongsang Basin even during the Sindong Group deposition earlier than the previously known Hayang Group deposition.

경상분지, 신동층군, 퇴적동시성 구조, 팔공산단층, Gyeongsang Basin, Sindong Group, Syndepositional structures, Palgongsan Fault

김후식 Hu Sik Kim , 임우택 Woo Taik Lim

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.307 Vol.39(No.3) 307-321, 2026

The crystallographic distribution of Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ ions in zeolite Y was investigated under Na⁺ competitive ion-exchange conditions in order to understand the site-selective behavior of radionuclide-relevant cations in a more complex ionic environment. A single crystal of zeolite Y (Si/Al = 1.56) was ion-exchanged by the flow method using an aqueous solution containing NaNO₃, Sr(NO₃)₂, and CsNO₃ in a 1:1:1 molar ratio with a total concentration of 0.1 M. The fully dehydrated structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and refined as |Na₁₀Sr₂₅Cs₁₅|[Si₁₁₇Al₇₅O₃₈₄]-FAU. In this structure, approximately 10 Na⁺, 25 Sr²⁺, and 15 Cs⁺ ions per unit cell are distributed over distinct crystallographic sites within the FAU framework. Sr²⁺ ions preferentially occupy the highly coordinating double six-ring and sodalite-cavity sites. In particular, 15.0 Sr²⁺ ions per unit cell are associated with site I positions, indicating that the D6R-centered site remains the most favorable environment for Sr²⁺ even in the presence of competing Na⁺ ions. Additional Sr²⁺ ions are located at sites I’, II’, and II, where they form relatively short Sr-O interactions with framework oxygen atoms. In contrast, Cs⁺ ions are mainly distributed over the more spacious supercage sites, including sites II, III, and III’, reflecting their larger ionic radius and lower charge density. Na⁺ ions are found exclusively at site II, where they occupy shallow positions near the O(2) plane and compete directly with both Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ for accessible six-ring-related positions. These results demonstrate that Na⁺ competition affects the cation distribution in a site-dependent manner. Na⁺ incorporation mainly modifies the population of site II, whereas the strong preference of Sr²⁺ for the D6R-centered site I is retained. The present study provides crystallographic insight into the competitive ion-exchange behavior of Sr²⁺ and Cs⁺ in zeolite Y under Na+-containing conditions.

Cesium, Strontuim, Sodium, Ion exchange, radioactive wastes, Zeolite, 세슘, 스트론튬, 소듐, 이온교환, 방사성 폐기물, 제올라이트

박기범 Park Gi Beom , 임우택 Woo Taik Lim , 임현승 Hyeon Seung Lim

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.323 Vol.39(No.3) 323-332, 2026

Metal halide species confined within zeolite cavities are of interest because their structures and interactions with extraframework cations can be strongly influenced by the restricted zeolite environment. In this work, fully dehydrated zeolite Cs,Na-A was allowed to react with SnI₂ vapor, and the resulting structure of Sn,I,Cs,Na-A was determined by single-crystal crystallography using synchrotron X-radiation. The structure was refined in the cubic space group Pm3m, (12.208(2) A), with all unique data to the final error index R₁ = 0.0799 for the 631 reflections for which F_o > 4σ(F_o). An ordered extraframework tin iodide component was located in the large cavity and refined as a discrete SnI⁺ moiety with an occupancy of approximately 0.69 per unit cell. The Sn-I moiety is not directly coordinated to framework oxygen atoms; instead, its iodide end is associated with two Cs⁺ cations at Cs22 near an 8-ring window. Most of the original Cs⁺ and Na⁺ cations remain in the zeolite, indicating that the reaction proceeds through limited vapor-phase incorporation rather than extensive vapor phase ion exchange. The present structure identifies a distinct Sn-I extraframework motif in Cs,Na-A and provides structural insight into the accommodation and stabilization of a tin iodide species within the confined environment of the large cavity of zeolite A.

제올라이트 LTA, 다공성물질, 단결정 X선 회절, zeolite LTA, porous materials, single crystal X-ray diffraction

김대창 Daechang Kim , 김영규 Yeongkyoo Kim , 김젬마 Gemma Kim

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.333 Vol.39(No.3) 333-341, 2026

Na-4-mica is a synthetic swelling mica with a high layer charge and cation exchange capacity and has been investigated as a potential material for the removal and immobilization of radioactive Cs and Sr. In this study, Na-4-mica synthesized from a Korean kaolin-based raw material was used to investigate changes in ion-exchange selectivity as a function of solution composition in Cs⁺-Na⁺, Sr²⁺-Na⁺, and Cs⁺-Sr²⁺ competitive systems. The synthesized Na-4-mica exhibited a dominant basal reflection corresponding to the hydrated state, with a minor reflection corresponding to the dehydrated state, and had a cation exchange capacity of 456.6 meq/100 g. Competitive ion-exchange experiments were conducted by varying the relative proportions of the competing ions while maintaining a constant total cation equivalent. In the Cs⁺-Na⁺ system, the equivalent fraction of Cs in the exchanger phase was lower than that in the solution phase over the entire composition range, and the selectivity factor (α_Cs/Na) remained below unity, indicating a relative preference for Na⁺ over Cs⁺. In contrast, the Sr²⁺-Na⁺ system showed a strong preference for Sr²⁺ at low Sr proportions, but this preference decreased markedly with increasing Sr proportion, with a reversal in selectivity occurring at a solution-phase Sr equivalent fraction of approximately 0.11. Composition-dependent selectivity was also observed in the Cs⁺-Sr²⁺ competitive system. Under Cs-rich conditions, small amounts of Sr²⁺ were preferentially exchanged relative to Cs⁺; however, Cs⁺ became increasingly favored as the Sr proportion increased, with a reversal in selectivity occurring at a conditional Sr equivalent fraction of approximately 0.23. The conditional selectivity factor, α_Sr/Cs, decreased with increasing Sr proportion in the exchanger phase, showing a relatively strong linear relationship (R²=0.82). These results demonstrate that the ion selectivity of Na-4-mica is not constant but varies considerably with the type and relative proportions of competing ions, with particularly pronounced changes in systems containing Sr²⁺.

Na-4-mica, 세슘, 스트론튬, 경쟁 이온교환, 선택성 인자, 이온 선택성, cesium, strontium, competitive ion exchange, selectivity factor, ion selectivity

유봉철 Bong Chul Yoo

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.343 Vol.39(No.3) 343-360, 2026

The Pallancata Ag mine is classified as an intermediate-sulfidation (adularia-sericite) epithermal type, in which mineralized veins fill NNW-trending sinistral strike-slip faults and NW-, EW-, and NE-trending fracture zones developed by these faults within tuff (hostrock). During our visit to the Pallancata mine, quartz vein samples were collected from the NW-trending Pallancata vein, the EW-trending Yurika vein, and NE-trending vein. Whole-rock geochemical data for the collected quartz veins were used to investigate the types and geochemical behavior of elements associated with hydrothermal alteration and Ag mineralization. The collected quartz veins show variations in the size and abundance of tuffaceous hostrock fragments, as well as differences in alteration intensity and mineral assemblages. With respect to major element compositions, the Pallancata vein is relatively enriched in TiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, and K₂O, whereas the NE-trending veins contain somewhat higher Fe₂O₃ and CaO contents than the other veins. In all veins, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, F₂O₃, Na₂O, K₂O, P₂O₅, and LOI contents clearly decrease with increasing SiO₂ content, whereas MgO and CaO do not exhibit distinct decreasing trends with increasing SiO₂. These compositional characteristics are related to the occurrence of K-feldspar, albite, and biotite in the hostrock fragments contained within the veins. Minor element variations also differ among the veins. In the Pallancata vein, Au, Cu, Zn, As, Sb, and Pb contents increase with increasing Ag content. In the Yurika vein, Au, Zn, As, and Pb contents increase with increasing Ag, whereas Cu and Sb contents decrease. In the NE-trending vein, Cu, Zn, and Pb contents increase with increasing Ag, whereas Au, As, and Sb contents decrease. These contrasting geochemical trends suggest differences in the Ag-bearing mineral species among the veins. Calculations of hydrothermal alteration indexs and elemental gains and losses for each vein indicate that the intensity of alteration varies among individual veins and samples. The tuffaceous rock fragments within the veins were affected predominantly by sericitization and adularization, accompanied locally by chloritization, as a result of hydrothermal alteration. During hydrothermal Ag mineralization at the Pallancata mine, SiO₂, F₂O₃, Au, Ag, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Sb, Te, W, Pb, and Bi were introduced by hydrothermal fluids. In particular, SiO₂, Au, Cu, Zn, Mo, As, Sb, Te, W, and Pb may be useful as geochemical pathfinder elements for future Ag mineralization exploration in the Pallancata district.

Pallancata 은 광산, 석영맥, 전암분석, 변질 지수, 이득/손실, Pallancata Ag mine, Quartz vein, Wall-rock analysis, Alteration index, Gain/loss

현성필 Sung Pil Hyun , 문희선 Hee Sun Moon , 이아름 Aleum Lee

DOI:10.22807/KJMP.2026.39.3.361 Vol.39(No.3) 361-382, 2026

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been detected in Korean rivers and sediments, agricultural and industrial soils, landfill-affected settings, and groundwater near military facilities. Yet research and management have emphasized aqueous occurrence, exposure, and treatment, leaving the mineral phases and interfacial reactions controlling subsurface retention and release poorly characterized. This narrative review complements bulk partitioning approaches with a mineral-water interfacial perspective. It examines how mineral properties, dissolution, recrystallization, and surface coatings affect PFAS retention and reversibility. Variable-charge Fe and Al (oxyhydr)oxides, clay surfaces and interlayers, poorly crystalline phases, mineral-associated organic matter, and air-water interfaces contribute differently according to PFAS chain length and charge. Their roles are modulated by pH, ionic strength, multivalent cations, competing anions, organic matter, redox conditions, and water saturation. The contrast between redox-sensitive Fe(III) phases and relatively redox-stable Al phases may be important for long-term release and the persistence of remediation effects. Korean test settings include granitic and gneissic weathering profiles, oxide-coated alluvium, redox-cycling paddy soils, Jeju volcanic soils and basalt aquifers, and saline coastal environments and reclaimed land. We propose a framework linking mineral properties, interfacial mechanisms, geochemical controls, PFAS retention and transformation, and field-scale transport and remediation. Priority research includes depth-resolved characterization, sorption and redox-cycling experiments, interfacial spectroscopy, and mineral-based reactive transport modeling. The framework organizes testable hypotheses rather than demonstrating mineralogical control in Korean field settings.

과불화 및 폴리불화알킬화합물(PFAS), 광물-물 계면, 지중 거동, 광물학적 제어, 한국 지중환경, PFAS, mineral-water interface, subsurface behavior, mineralogical control, Korean subsurface environments