이홍금 Hong Geum Lee , 박원영 Won Young Park , 구효진 Hyo Jin Koo , 최재영 Jae Yeong Choi , 장정규 Jeong Kyu Jang , 조현구 Hyen Goo Cho

DOI: Vol.32(No.4) 235-247, 2019

The Central South Sea Mud (CSSM), developed in the Seomjin River estuary, is known to be supplied with sediments from Heuksan Mud Belt (HMB) and Seomjin River. However, in order to form a mud belt, more sediments must be supplied than supplied in the above areas. Therefore, research on additional sources should be conducted. In this study, clay minerals, major elements analyzes were performed on cores 16PCT-GC01 and 16PCT-GC03 in order to investigate the transition in the provenance and transport pathway of sediments in CSSM. The Huanghe sediments are characterized by higher smectite and the Changjiang sediments are characterized by higher illite. Korean river sediments contain more kaolinite and chlorite than those of chinese rivers. Korean river sediments have higher Al, Fe, K concentraion than Chinese river sediments and Chinese rivers have higher Ca, Mg, Na than those of Korean rivers. Therefore, clay minerals and major elements can be a useful indicator for provenance. Based on our results, CSSM can be divided into three sediment units. Unit 3, which corresponds to the lowstand stage, is interpreted that sediments from Huanghe were supplied to the study area by coastal or tidal currents. Unit 2, which corresponds to the transgressive stage, is interpreted to have a weaker Huanghe effect and a stronger Changjiang and Korean rivers effect. Unit 1, which corresponds to the highstand stage when the sea level is the same as present and current circulation system is formed, is interpreted that sediments from Changjiang and Korean rivers are supplied to the research area through the current.

점토광물, 주성분원소, 남해중앙니질대, 퇴적물 기원지, 해수면 변화, clay mineral, major elements, Central South Sea Mud, sediment provenance, sea-level change

이윤호 Yoonho Lee , 현성필 Sung Pil Hyun , 문희선 Hee Sun Moon , 신도연 Doyun Shin , 이은희 Eunhee Lee , 유재영 Jae-young Yoo

DOI: Vol.32(No.4) 249-258, 2019

Acid spill accidents are frequently occurring in Korea with increasing production, use, storage, and transport of acids, accompanying industrialization and economic growth. The acids introduced to the subsurface environments would eventually be neutralized by reactions with geomedia. However, the spatial and temporal extent to which the spilled acids would affect will be dependent on the characteristics of the geomedia exposed to the acids. In this work, sulfuric acid, the most used acid in Korea, was reacted with a set of model geomedia representative of the geology of Korea. The buffering capacity of the model geomedia was determined through batch-type experiments using pH changes as an indicator. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the mineral phases contributing to the acid neutralization. The results showed that sandstone had the largest acid neutralization capacity among the tested geomedia, while kaolinite had the smallest. The findings of this study would contribute to quantitatively assessing the impact of spilled acids on geomedia and hence to predicting the vulnerability of geomedia to the spilled acid.

황산, 지질매체, 중화능, 화학사고, sulfuric acid, geomedia, neutralization capacity, chemical accidents

박주현 Ju Hyun Park , 정혜영 Hye Yeong Jeong

DOI: Vol.32(No.4) 259-271, 2019

We evaluated mineralogical, physical property and accelerated weather resistance of cinnabar, realgar and orpiment used as cultural heritages and traditional paintings. JB and JS are sample names of cinnabar and JH and UH are sample names of orpiment and Realgar, respectively. As a result of mineralogical property evaluation, Jinsa was identified cinnabar (HgS) and there was no difference in chemical composition according to the grade. UH and JH were confirmed realgar (AsS) and orpiment (As₂S₃), respectively. The polarization characteristics such as shape and color indicate that pigments using our test were natural mineral pigment observed by polarization microscope. Especially, in the case of cinnabar, it is not easy to distinguish between natural mineral pigment and synthetic pigment. But the results of polarization microscope said that cinnabar is natural occurring mineral which have authentic mineral particle and unevenly fracture. As a result of thermal analysis, JH has a higher glass transition temperature and heat stability than UH. After accelerated weather test, cinnabar, realgar and orpiment were striking result in color change because of light degradation. Red color of cinnabar turn into black and the color of realgar and orpiment became brighter than before. JB (meta-cinnabar) is more photosensitivity and faster becoming dark than JB (cinnabar). Finally light transforms realgar (red, As₄S₄) in arsenolite (As₂O₃).

문화재, 진사, 웅황, 자황, 편광현미경, 촉진내후성, Cultural heritage, Jinsa, Unghwang, Jahwang, polarization microscope, accelerated weather resistance

진홍주 Hong Ju Jin , 장성윤 Sungyoon Jang , 김수경 Su Kyoung Kim , 이명성 Myeong Seong Lee , 문동혁 Dong Hyeok Moon , 전유근 Yu Gun Chun

DOI: Vol.32(No.4) 273-285, 2019

This study is aimed to interpret the raw material characteristics and manufacturing technology through physical, mineral and geochemical analysis of the brown-glazed stonewares and roof tiles excavated from the Hong Nang Sida temple in Laos, which was built in the 12th century. The glaze of brown-glazed stoneware is a typical lime serial with CaO content of more than 15 % and they were vitrified. The body is the combination of quartz, mullite and cristobalite, but had not vitrified texture, and therefore, which is assumed to have been fired more than 950 °C. Meanwhile, The roof tiles are unglazed and its outer color is reddish brown, whitish grey and bluish grey. The bluish gray tiles has sandwich structure, which seem to experience imperfect reducing environment. The tile samples with a number of amorphous iron oxide nodule had a very similar chemical composition. In conclusion, it is assumed that the clay source was made from raw material produced from the same bedrock. The firing temperature of roof tiles were divided into less than 900 °C, 900~950 °C and greater than 950 °C according to detection of micas, hercynite and mullite.

크메르, 홍낭시다 유적, 갈유도기, 기와, 소성온도, Khmer, Hong Nang Sida temple, brown-glazed stoneware, roof tile, firing temperature

문동혁 Dong Hyeok Moon , 이명성 Myeong Seong Lee

DOI: Vol.32(No.4) 287-301, 2019

Preservation of the original form is the principle for conservation, management and utilization of cultural heritages. Thus, non-destructive analysis of these samples are important field of the conservation science. In this study, examined the applicability of nondestructive surface X-ray diffraction analysis (ND-XRD) for cultural heritage by materials (rock specimen, jade stone, pigment painted specimen, earthen artifact, metal artifact). In result, all type of sample is recorded suitable X-ray diffraction patterns for identifying mineral composition in case of surface condition with adequate particle size and arrangement. And diffraction pattern is reflected surface information than matrix. Therefore, ND-XRD is thought to be applicable not only mineral identification but also interpretation of manufacturing technique and alteration trend about layered sample (in horizontally or vertically). Whereas some exceptional diffraction patterns were recorded due to overlapping information on specific crystal planes. It caused by skip the sample treatment (powdering and randomly orientation). It could be advantageously used for mineral identification, such as preferred orientation of clay minerals. In contrast, irregular diffraction pattern caused by single crystalline effect is required careful evaluation.

문화재 비파괴 분석, 비파괴 X-선 회절분석, 표면분석, 광물조성, 식별프로그램, nondestructive analysis of cultural heritage, nondestructive x-ray diffraction analysis, surface analysis, mineral composition, identification program

서정민 Seo Jeong Min , 김영훈 Young Hun Kim , 김정진 Jeong Jin Kim

DOI: Vol.32(No.4) 303-312, 2019

In this study, X-ray diffraction, ICP analysis, and leaching experiments were performed to analyze the heavy metals and dissolution characteristics of Andong dam sediments. As a result of X-ray diffraction analysis, Andong dam sediment consists of quartz, plagioclase, chlorite and illite. ICP analysis of sediment showed very high concentrations of As and Cd. Leaching experiments were performed in aerobic and anaerobic condition in a disturbed state. The results of leaching experiment showed that more heavy metals were leached in aerobic than anaerobic conditions. Heavy metal that increased in concentration with time in aerobic conditions were Mn, Zn and Cd, and those in anaerobic conditions were Mn, Fe and As. The leaching ratio of heavy metal concentration in sediment was Mn > Cd > Zn > Ni > Cu > As > Pb ≒ Fe ≒ Cr and Mn > As > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb ≒ Cd ≒ Fe ≒ Cr in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively.

안동댐, 퇴적물, 중금속, 용출, 호기성, 혐기성, Andong Dam, sediments, heavy metal, leaching, aerobic, anaerobic

정기영 Gi Young Jeong

DOI: Vol.32(No.4) 313-321, 2019

Diatomite is a silicic porous sedimentary rock composed of diatom frustules, used for filtration aid, filler, absorbent, abrasive, carrier, insulator, and fertilizer. During the calcination of diatomite to improve physical properties for filtration-aid application, amorphous silica is transformed to cristobalite. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies were carried out for 17 diatomite samples, showing that 16 diatomite samples contain cristobalite in the range of 6~100 %. Concentration of respirable cristobalite in air is regulated as harmful substances, but the residual cristobalite in food is treated as generally safe substance. The determination procedure of cristobalite content in food was established for managing food safety. Calibration curve of cristobalite filtered on silver membrane were obtained by X-ray diffraction. The lower limit of quantification was evaluated as 2.7 mg. The cristobalite was not detected in the analyses of selected food samples using the established procedure.

규조토, 크리스토발라이트, 여과, X-선회절분석, 안전, Diatomite, calcining, cristobalite, filtration, X-ray diffraction, safety